- Greece & U.S. Tax Timeline: Critical Dates for Dual Filers
- Strategic Payment Planning to Avoid U.S. Penalties
- Greece vs. U.S. Tax Systems: Direct Comparison
- The Greek Tax System Explained in Detail
- Greek Visa Options and Their Tax Implications
- Greece's Digital Nomad Visa: Rates and Benefits
- A Practical Filing Guide for U.S. Expats in Greece
- Frequently Asked Questions for U.S. Expats in Greece
- Why Choose American Expat CPA as Your Tax Partner
American Expats in Greece
Updated on August 16, 2025.
Greece is an increasingly popular destination for US expats, offering a mix of ancient culture, stunning islands, and appealing tax incentives. From the vibrant capital of Athens to the picturesque islands of Santorini and Mykonos, the country provides diverse lifestyles for professionals, retirees, and digital nomads.
Recent tax reforms, including a 7% flat tax for foreign pensioners and a 50% tax reduction for professionals relocating to Greece, have positioned Greece as one of Europe's most tax-efficient destinations for Americans who plan their move strategically.

Greece & U.S. Tax Timeline: Critical Dates for Dual Filers
Managing dual tax obligations between Greece and the United States requires careful attention to two distinct tax calendars. Understanding these timelines is crucial for maintaining compliance and avoiding penalties in both jurisdictions.
Key Timeline Overview:
- January 1: Greek tax year begins (calendar year basis)
- April 15: U.S. tax payment deadline (regardless of filing extension)
- June 15: Automatic U.S. filing extension for expats with foreign address
- June 30: Greek tax return filing deadline (standard)
- July 31: Greek tax balance payment deadline (first installment)
- September 30: Greek advance payment deadline (first installment)
- October 15: Final U.S. tax filing deadline with extension
- November 30: Greek advance payment deadline (second installment)
- December 31: Tax year ends for both countries
The Greek tax system operates on a self-assessment basis, with advance payments required throughout the year. Greek residents must make advance payments toward their following year's tax liability in installments, creating a continuous cycle of tax obligations that must be carefully managed alongside U.S. requirements. The advance payment equals 100% of the previous year's tax liability and is paid in equal installments.
Strategic Payment Planning to Avoid U.S. Penalties
The most critical aspect of dual tax compliance for U.S. expats in Greece is understanding that the June 15 automatic extension applies only to filing, not to payment obligations. This distinction has significant financial implications that require proactive planning to avoid unnecessary interest and penalties.
Critical Payment Strategy: Even though your Form 1040 isn't due until June 15 (or October 15 with Form 4868), any tax owed must be paid by April 15 to avoid interest charges. The IRS charges interest from April 15 regardless of filing extensions.
To effectively manage this payment timing challenge, expats should implement a multi-pronged approach. First, conduct a preliminary tax calculation by early March using your Greek income documentation and estimated U.S. tax obligations. This projection doesn't need to be perfect but should provide a reasonable estimate of your U.S. tax liability. Consider working with a tax professional familiar with both systems to ensure accuracy in this crucial calculation. As an expat CPA firm, we can help you with these items.
Second, establish a tax reserve account specifically for U.S. obligations. Since Greek taxes are paid through advance payments and withholdings throughout the year, you'll need separate liquidity for U.S. payments. Many expats find it helpful to set aside funds monthly, treating U.S. tax reserves as a fixed expense in their budget. This approach prevents the April 15 payment deadline from creating a cash flow crisis.
Third, leverage safe harbor provisions to minimize penalties. If you're unable to calculate your exact tax liability by April 15, you can avoid penalties by paying either 100% of your prior year's tax liability (110% if your prior year AGI exceeded $150,000) or 90% of the current year's tax. This safe harbor payment strategy provides protection while you finalize your actual tax calculations. As an expat CPA firm, we can help you with this.
For those with irregular income or significant Greek-source income, consider making quarterly estimated tax payments to the IRS. While Greece handles tax through advance payments and withholdings, the U.S. system may require quarterly payments if your withholding is insufficient. These payments are due April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15, and help spread the tax burden throughout the year rather than facing a large payment in April.
Currency fluctuations between the euro and dollar add another layer of complexity to payment planning. Since you'll likely earn income in euros but owe taxes in dollars, exchange rate movements can significantly impact your tax liability. Consider using the yearly average exchange rate for income reporting (as permitted by the IRS) to smooth out volatility, and monitor exchange rates when planning your April payment to optimize the conversion timing. As an expat CPA firm, we can help you with these items.
Greece vs. U.S. Tax Systems: Direct Comparison
Understanding the fundamental differences between Greek and U.S. tax systems is essential for effective tax planning as an American expat. While both countries tax worldwide income for residents, their approaches to rates, deductions, and income classification vary significantly.
Tax Feature | Greece | United States |
---|---|---|
Tax Year | Calendar year (January 1 - December 31) | Calendar year (with fiscal year option for businesses) |
Taxation Basis | Residence-based (worldwide income for residents) | Citizenship-based (worldwide income for citizens) |
Income Tax Rates | 9% - 44% (progressive) + solidarity contribution | 10% - 37% (federal) + 0% - 13.3% (state) |
Capital Gains Tax | 15% (standard rate) | 0% - 20% (long-term) / Ordinary rates (short-term) |
Social Security | EFKA: 13.87% employee + 22.54% employer | FICA: 7.65% employee + 7.65% employer |
Wealth Tax | ENFIA: Progressive property tax No general wealth tax |
None at federal level |
Inheritance Tax | 1% - 20% based on relationship | 18% - 40% above $13.61 million (2024) |
VAT/Sales Tax | 24% standard VAT rate (13% reduced, 6% super-reduced) | 0% - 10% state/local sales tax |
Property Tax | ENFIA: 0.001% - 1.15% on objective value | 0.5% - 2% on market value (local) |
Filing Deadline | June 30 (electronic filing) | April 15 (June 15 automatic extension for expats) |
The Greek progressive tax system applies rates ranging from 9% on income up to €10,000 to 44% on income exceeding €40,000. Additionally, a solidarity contribution of 2.2% to 10% applies to higher incomes, though this is being phased out. This compares to U.S. federal rates ranging from 10% to 37%, though U.S. expats may benefit from the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE) of $120,000 for 2023 and $126,500 for 2024.
One crucial difference lies in the treatment of investment income. Greece applies a flat 15% tax on capital gains from securities and a 15% tax on dividends. The U.S., conversely, distinguishes between short-term gains (taxed as ordinary income) and long-term gains (taxed at preferential rates of 0%, 15%, or 20% depending on income levels). This difference can significantly impact investment strategy for expats managing portfolios across both countries.
The Greek Tax System Explained in Detail
The Greek tax system presents unique complexities for American expats accustomed to U.S. tax principles. Greece's approach to income classification, taxation methods, and available deductions differs substantially from the American system, requiring careful study to optimize tax positions and ensure compliance.
Understanding U.S. Income Classifications
Before diving into the Greek system, it's essential to understand how the United States classifies and taxes different types of income, as this provides the framework for comparison and planning strategies.
Earned Income (Active Income)
What it includes: Wages, salaries, tips, bonuses, commissions, self-employment income from sole proprietorships, income from partnerships or S-corporations where you materially participate.
How it's taxed: Subject to progressive tax rates from 10% to 37% based on income brackets. Also subject to Social Security and Medicare taxes (FICA) up to applicable limits.
Special considerations: Eligible for Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE) if you qualify, potentially excluding up to $126,500 (2024) from U.S. taxation.
Passive Income
What it includes: Rental income from real estate, royalties from intellectual property, income from limited partnerships where you don't materially participate, income from businesses in which you're not actively involved.
How it's taxed: Generally taxed at ordinary progressive rates. However, qualified dividends and long-term capital gains receive preferential treatment. Passive losses may be limited and carried forward.
Special considerations: Distributions from retirement accounts (401(k), IRA, pensions) are generally taxed as ordinary income. Social Security benefits may be partially taxable depending on total income levels.
Capital Gains
What it includes: Profits from selling assets like stocks, bonds, real estate, businesses, collectibles, or cryptocurrency.
How it's taxed: Short-term gains (assets held ≤1 year) taxed at ordinary rates. Long-term gains (assets held >1 year) taxed at preferential rates: 0% for lower incomes, 15% for middle incomes, 20% for high incomes, plus potential 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax.
Special considerations: Primary residence sale may qualify for $250,000/$500,000 exclusion. Losses can offset gains and up to $3,000 of ordinary income annually.
Interest Income
What it includes: Interest from bank accounts, CDs, corporate bonds, Treasury securities, peer-to-peer lending, and most other debt instruments.
How it's taxed: Generally added to ordinary income and taxed at progressive rates. Municipal bond interest may be exempt from federal tax (and sometimes state tax).
Special considerations: Foreign bank account interest must be reported and may trigger FBAR and Form 8938 requirements.
Dividend Income
What it includes: Distributions from corporations, mutual funds, ETFs, and certain foreign companies.
How it's taxed: Qualified dividends (meeting holding period and other requirements) taxed at long-term capital gains rates. Non-qualified dividends taxed at ordinary rates.
Special considerations: Foreign dividends may qualify for preferential rates if from treaty countries. PFIC rules may apply to certain foreign investments.
Social Security Income
What it includes: Monthly retirement benefits, disability benefits (SSDI), survivor benefits, and spousal benefits from the Social Security Administration.
How it's taxed: Tax-free for low income level. Up to 50% or 85% may be taxable depending on your total income level.
Special considerations: As a U.S. citizen/green card holder in Greece, both countries may tax benefits due to saving clause, with U.S. FTC for Greek taxes. Treaty resourcing applies.
The Greek Income Tax Categories
Greece categorizes income into distinct classifications, each with specific rules and tax treatment. This categorical approach differs fundamentally from the U.S. system and requires careful analysis to properly report income and claim applicable benefits.
1. Income from Employment and Pensions
This category encompasses wages, salaries, bonuses, and pension income. Employment income faces progressive tax rates from 9% to 44%, with automatic withholding by employers. Greece provides a basic tax-free allowance that varies based on the number of dependent children: €10,000 for taxpayers with no children, €10,500 for one child, €11,000 for two children, and €11,500 for three or more children.
Pension income receives similar treatment to employment income, subject to the same progressive rates. However, foreign pensioners may qualify for the special 7% flat tax regime, dramatically reducing tax liability. This regime applies to all foreign-source income for qualifying retirees relocating to Greece.
Income Bracket (EUR) | Tax Rate | Cumulative Tax |
---|---|---|
0 - 10,000 | 9% | €900 |
10,001 - 20,000 | 22% | €3,100 |
20,001 - 30,000 | 28% | €5,900 |
30,001 - 40,000 | 36% | €9,500 |
Above 40,000 | 44% | Variable |
Employment benefits: Certain fringe benefits receive favorable treatment, including meal vouchers (up to €6.60 per day), company cars (based on standardized tables), and private health insurance premiums. Stock options face complex rules with potential taxation at grant, vesting, and exercise.
2. Income from Business Activities
Business income covers earnings from commercial enterprises, professional services, and agricultural activities. Greece distinguishes between sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, each with different tax treatment. Sole proprietors and professionals face progressive individual tax rates on business profits, while corporations pay a flat 22% corporate tax rate.
Self-employed professionals can deduct business expenses according to Greek tax law, including office rent, utilities, professional fees, and marketing costs. The tax authority requires detailed bookkeeping and documentation, with simplified accounting methods available for smaller businesses with revenue below €1.5 million.
3. Income from Capital (Investment Income)
Investment income in Greece faces various tax rates depending on the source. Dividends from Greek companies are subject to a 5% withholding tax, while foreign dividends face progressive rates unless treaty benefits apply. Interest income is generally taxed at 15%, though certain government bonds may receive preferential treatment.
Capital gains from securities traded on regulated markets are taxed at 15%, while gains from non-listed securities may face progressive rates. Greece provides no indexation for inflation, potentially creating tax on nominal rather than real gains. Losses can offset gains within the same category but cannot reduce other income types.
4. Income from Real Estate
Rental income from Greek properties faces progressive tax rates from 15% to 45%, depending on the annual rental amount. Landlords can deduct 5% of gross rental income for expenses without documentation, or actual expenses with proper receipts. Additional deductions include property tax (ENFIA), maintenance costs, and management fees.
Greece imposes imputed income tax on vacant properties or second homes based on objective values determined by the tax authority. This aims to encourage productive use of real estate and generate revenue from underutilized properties. Primary residences are generally exempt from imputed income taxation.
5. Income from Capital Gains
Capital gains taxation varies by asset type and holding period. Real estate gains are taxed at 15% for properties acquired after January 1, 2014. Business asset sales may qualify for deferral if proceeds are reinvested in similar assets within specified timeframes. Gains from selling foreign real estate face progressive rates unless treaty provisions apply.
Greece provides limited rollover relief for certain transactions, including property exchanges and business reorganizations. Careful structuring can defer or minimize capital gains tax, particularly for business owners and real estate investors.
6. Income from Other Sources
This residual category captures income not classified elsewhere, including gambling winnings, prizes, royalties, and certain foreign income. Tax treatment varies significantly depending on the specific income type and source. Lottery and gambling winnings face 15% tax on amounts exceeding €100, while royalties are generally taxed at progressive rates.
Special Tax Regimes for New Residents
Greece offers several attractive tax regimes designed to attract foreign residents, particularly beneficial for American expats with specific profiles and circumstances. These incentives were enhanced in recent years to compete with other European jurisdictions.
The 7% Flat Tax for Pensioners
Foreign retirees can apply a flat 7% tax rate to all foreign-sourced income for up to 15 years. This regime requires transferring tax residence to Greece and maintaining it for the regime's duration. Eligibility requires being a tax resident of a country with which Greece has a tax treaty (including the U.S.) and not having been a Greek tax resident for at least 5 of the 6 years before application.
The regime covers all foreign income including pensions, Social Security, investment income, and capital gains. Greek-source income remains taxable at standard rates. Combined with treaty benefits protecting U.S. Social Security from Greek taxation, this creates exceptional tax efficiency for American retirees.
The 50% Tax Exemption for Professionals
Qualified professionals relocating to Greece can claim a 50% exemption on employment and business income for up to 7 years. This effectively reduces the maximum tax rate from 44% to 22% on eligible income. The regime targets high-skilled workers, executives, researchers, and entrepreneurs.
Eligibility requires non-residence in Greece for at least 5 of the 6 years before relocation, commitment to remain resident for at least 2 years, and employment or self-employment in Greece. The exemption applies to both Greek and foreign-source employment/business income, though investment income faces normal taxation.
Alternative Flat Tax for High Net Worth Individuals
High-net-worth individuals can elect to pay an annual flat tax of €100,000 on their foreign-sourced income, regardless of amount. This regime, available for up to 15 years, includes family members who can join for €20,000 each annually. The regime exempts foreign income from Greek tax beyond the flat payment and provides inheritance/gift tax exemptions on foreign assets.
Greek-source income remains subject to standard taxation. The regime particularly benefits individuals with substantial foreign investment income, business interests, or complex international holdings. Combined with Greece's territorial approach to wealth taxation, this creates comprehensive tax efficiency.
Greek Visa Options and Their Tax Implications
Greece offers various visa categories for American citizens, each with distinct requirements, benefits, and tax implications. Understanding these options is crucial for optimizing your tax position while ensuring legal residence status.
Golden Visa Program
Greece's Golden Visa program offers residency through real estate investment, with among the lowest thresholds in Europe. The program requires €250,000 minimum investment in most areas, increased to €500,000 in Athens, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, and Santorini. The visa provides five-year renewable residence permits for the investor and family, with no minimum stay requirement and the right to live but not work in Greece.
Tax implications depend on actual residence time. Staying under 183 days maintains non-resident status with taxation only on Greek-source income. Becoming resident triggers worldwide taxation but opens access to special regimes like the 7% pensioner flat tax or high-net-worth €100,000 annual tax. The investment itself generates rental income taxable at progressive rates unless the property remains vacant.
Financially Independent Person Visa
This visa suits retirees and individuals with passive income who don't need Greek employment. Requirements include proof of €2,000 monthly passive income, comprehensive health insurance, and accommodation arrangements. The visa prohibits employment but allows investment activities and is renewable every two years, leading to permanent residency after five years.
Tax treatment favors retirees who can access the 7% flat tax regime on foreign income. Without special regimes, worldwide income faces progressive rates up to 44%. Careful planning around the 183-day residence threshold can maintain non-resident status while enjoying Greek lifestyle benefits. Social Security remains protected under treaty provisions.
Digital Nomad Visa
Greece launched its Digital Nomad Visa to attract location-independent professionals. Requirements include proof of remote employment with non-Greek company, minimum monthly income of €3,000 (after taxes), comprehensive health insurance, and accommodation proof. The visa allows residence for up to two years with family inclusion options.
Digital nomads becoming tax resident (183+ days) face worldwide taxation on progressive rates. However, the 50% professional exemption may apply, effectively halving tax rates on eligible income. Careful structuring of contracts and work location can optimize tax treatment. Non-residents pay tax only on Greek-source income, though determining source for digital services requires analysis.
Entrepreneur/Self-Employment Visa
Entrepreneurs can obtain residence by establishing Greek businesses. Requirements include detailed business plan with economic benefit to Greece, minimum €60,000 investment capital, proof of accommodation and health insurance, and clean criminal record. The visa permits business operation and employee hiring with renewal based on business performance.
Business income faces 22% corporate tax or progressive individual rates for sole proprietors. The 50% professional exemption can dramatically reduce effective tax rates for qualifying individuals. Dividend distributions to U.S. residents benefit from treaty-reduced 5% withholding. Careful structuring between salary and dividends optimizes overall tax burden.
Employment Visa
Standard work visas require employer sponsorship and labor market testing. The process involves employer obtaining work permit approval, employee applying for visa at Greek consulate, and residence permit issuance upon arrival. EU Blue Cards offer enhanced benefits for highly skilled workers earning 1.5x average salary.
Employment income faces progressive taxation with automatic withholding. The 50% exemption for new residents can significantly reduce tax burden for qualifying professionals. Employer-provided benefits may receive favorable treatment including housing allowances and education assistance. Social security contributions are mandatory unless covered by totalization agreement.
Greece's Digital Nomad Visa: Rates and Benefits
Greece's Digital Nomad Visa, launched in 2021, positions the country as a Mediterranean hub for remote workers. The program offers legal residence while maintaining employment with foreign companies, combining Greek lifestyle with tax planning opportunities.
Eligibility Requirements
The Digital Nomad Visa requires proof of employment contract or business ownership outside Greece, minimum monthly income of €3,000 after taxes, comprehensive health insurance covering Greece, clean criminal record from country of residence, and accommodation proof (rental agreement or property ownership). Applicants must demonstrate their work is performed entirely remotely using technology, with no requirement to serve Greek clients or establish local business presence.
Tax Treatment and Benefits
Digital nomads spending over 183 days become Greek tax residents, triggering worldwide income taxation. However, several planning opportunities exist. The 50% professional exemption may apply if meeting requirements, effectively reducing tax rates by half on employment income. This can lower the effective rate to 22% even on high incomes.
For those maintaining non-resident status (under 183 days), only Greek-source income faces taxation. Since employment is with foreign companies, income may escape Greek tax entirely. However, other countries' tax claims must be considered, particularly the U.S. citizenship-based taxation.
Digital Nomad Tax Optimization Strategies:
- Time arrival to maximize non-resident period in first year
- Structure contracts to maintain foreign-source classification
- Consider island or mainland locations for lifestyle and tax benefits
- Utilize treaty provisions to prevent double taxation
- Coordinate Greek residence with U.S. foreign earned income exclusion requirements
Practical Considerations
Banking access improves significantly with visa status versus tourist stays. Greek banks increasingly require residence documentation for account opening. However, U.S. citizens face restrictions due to FATCA compliance costs, with some banks declining American customers. Digital banking solutions and fintech alternatives provide workarounds.
Healthcare access through private insurance initially may transition to public system after residence establishment. Greece's public healthcare provides comprehensive coverage at modest cost. Private healthcare offers shorter wait times and English-speaking providers in major cities and tourist areas.
A Practical Filing Guide for U.S. Expats in Greece
Successfully navigating dual tax obligations requires systematic approach, careful documentation, and strategic timing. This comprehensive guide walks through the practical steps for maintaining compliance in both jurisdictions while optimizing your tax position.
Step 1: Determine Your Residence Status
Tax residence determination forms the foundation of your filing obligations. Greece considers you resident if you spend more than 183 days in Greece during the calendar year, maintain permanent home in Greece, or have center of vital interests (family, economic ties) in Greece. Registration with local authorities and obtaining a tax number (AFM) creates presumption of residence.
U.S. citizens remain subject to U.S. taxation regardless of residence, but residence status affects available benefits. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion requires either 330 days outside the U.S. (Physical Presence Test) or bona fide residence in Greece (Bona Fide Residence Test). Treaty tie-breaker provisions resolve dual residence claims, typically favoring the country of permanent home, vital interests, or habitual abode.
Step 2: Gather Required Documentation
Comprehensive documentation ensures accurate reporting and supports tax positions. Essential documents include:
Income Documentation: Greek employment contracts and monthly pay slips, annual income certificates from employers, investment statements from Greek and foreign institutions, rental agreements and receipt records, business income records and invoices, pension and Social Security statements. Maintain records in both euros and dollars with exchange rate documentation.
Deduction Support: Social insurance contribution receipts, private health insurance premiums, mortgage interest certificates for primary residence, charitable donation receipts to qualifying organizations, education expense documentation, and professional expense receipts if self-employed. Greece requires official receipts for most deductions.
Tax Payment Records: Greek tax payment confirmations, withholding tax certificates, U.S. estimated tax payment records, foreign tax credit documentation, and advance payment receipts. These prove taxes paid for foreign tax credit claims and treaty benefit applications.
Step 3: Complete Greek Tax Filings
Greek tax returns are filed electronically through the TAXISnet system. The main annual return (Form E1) is due by June 30, with automatic extension to July 31 for returns prepared by tax advisors. Different supplementary forms apply based on income types and foreign asset holdings.
Key Greek filing considerations include:
Report worldwide income unless protected by special regimes. Convert foreign income to euros using Bank of Greece exchange rates. Claim foreign tax credits for U.S. taxes on U.S.-source income, subject to limitation rules. Special regimes (7% pensioner, 50% professional exemption) require specific elections and documentation.
Foreign asset reporting obligations include Form E2 for foreign real estate and Form E3 for foreign income details. Failure to report foreign assets triggers penalties starting at €100 per asset. Accurate reporting essential for regime qualification and treaty benefits.
Step 4: Complete U.S. Tax Filings
U.S. expat tax returns require additional forms and calculations beyond standard domestic filings. Essential forms include:
Form 1040: Report worldwide income converted to dollars using IRS-approved exchange rates. Claim Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (Form 2555) or Foreign Tax Credit (Form 1116), but not both on the same income. Include all Greek income, even if tax-exempt in Greece under special regimes.
Form 2555 (Foreign Earned Income Exclusion): Exclude up to $126,500 (2024) of foreign earned income if qualifying under physical presence or bona fide residence tests. Housing exclusion provides additional benefits for qualifying housing expenses exceeding base amounts. Careful planning maximizes exclusion benefits while preserving other tax advantages.
Form 1116 (Foreign Tax Credit): Claim credits for Greek taxes paid on foreign-source income, subject to category limitations and sourcing rules. Separate calculations required for passive and general category income. Excess credits carry back one year and forward ten years, providing planning flexibility.
Form 8938 (FATCA Reporting): Report foreign financial assets exceeding $200,000 (year-end) or $300,000 (any time) for single filers, doubled for joint filers. Include Greek bank accounts, investment accounts, pension plans, and business interests. Substantial penalties apply for non-compliance.
FBAR (FinCEN Form 114): Report foreign accounts exceeding $10,000 aggregate value at any point during the year. File electronically by April 15 with automatic extension to October 15. Include all Greek financial accounts regardless of income generation.
Step 5: Optimize Tax Strategies
Strategic planning throughout the year optimizes your dual tax position:
Year-Round Tax Optimization Strategies:
- Income Timing: Coordinate income recognition between jurisdictions to maximize benefits of special regimes
- Investment Planning: Structure portfolios considering Greek 15% capital gains tax versus U.S. preferential rates
- Retirement Contributions: Balance Greek and U.S. retirement savings considering tax treatment in both countries
- Real Estate Strategy: Plan property investments considering ENFIA tax and rental income treatment
- Business Structure: Choose entity types optimizing tax treatment under both systems
Frequently Asked Questions for U.S. Expats in Greece
Q: How does the U.S.-Greece tax treaty prevent double taxation?
The treaty provides multiple mechanisms to prevent double taxation. First, it assigns primary taxing rights for different income types - employment income is generally taxable where work is performed, pensions in the residence country, and U.S. Social Security remains taxable only in the U.S. for U.S. citizens. Second, both countries provide foreign tax credits for taxes paid to the other country. Third, reduced withholding rates apply to dividends (5-15%), interest (0%), and royalties (0%), facilitating cross-border investment. Fourth, tie-breaker rules determine single tax residence when both countries claim residence. The treaty's savings clause preserves U.S. right to tax citizens, but foreign tax credits prevent actual double taxation.
Q: Can I contribute to both Greek and U.S. retirement accounts?
Yes, but coordination is essential. Greek social insurance contributions (EFKA) are mandatory for employment/self-employment income and are deductible in Greece. These may not generate U.S. foreign tax credits if no U.S. tax is due after FEIE. U.S. retirement contributions (IRA, 401(k)) remain available if you have U.S.-source earned income or elect to include some foreign earned income in taxable income. Greek supplementary pension funds offer local tax benefits but may face U.S. taxation as foreign trusts. The U.S.-Greece totalization agreement prevents double social security taxation, allowing credit for contributions in either system toward benefit qualification.
Q: What happens to my U.S. state tax obligations when I move to Greece?
State tax obligations depend on your former state and steps taken to establish non-residence. States like California, New York, and Virginia aggressively pursue former residents, requiring clear evidence of permanent departure including changing voter registration and driver's license, closing state bank accounts, selling or renting state property (though ownership alone doesn't establish residence), and filing final returns as part-year or non-resident. Some states continue taxing certain income like state pensions regardless of residence. States with no income tax (Florida, Texas, Nevada) are attractive for maintaining U.S. ties without tax burden. Document your Greek residence thoroughly to defend against state tax claims.
Q: How are Greek real estate investments taxed for U.S. expats?
Greek real estate faces multiple tax layers. Rental income is taxed progressively from 15% to 45% based on annual amount, with 5% standard deduction or actual expenses. Property tax (ENFIA) applies based on objective values, location, and property characteristics. Capital gains are taxed at 15% for properties acquired after 2014, with exemptions for primary residences held appropriate periods. For U.S. tax purposes, report rental income on Schedule E with depreciation deductions over 27.5 years. Capital gains face U.S. tax with potential $250,000/$500,000 primary residence exclusion. Foreign tax credits apply for Greek taxes paid. The Golden Visa investment doesn't automatically trigger U.S. tax but rental income and eventual sale proceeds do.
Q: Should I choose the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion or Foreign Tax Credit?
The optimal choice depends on your specific situation. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion works best for moderate earners under $126,500, those using Greek special regimes with low effective tax rates, and individuals who won't benefit from U.S. itemized deductions. The Foreign Tax Credit typically benefits high earners exceeding FEIE limits, residents paying full Greek tax rates (up to 44%), those with significant passive income, and individuals wanting to preserve U.S. retirement account contribution eligibility. Many expats combine strategies, excluding earned income up to the limit and claiming credits on remaining income. Consider that FEIE election revocation prevents re-election for five years without IRS permission.
Q: How do I handle Greek taxes on my U.S. investment accounts?
Greece doesn't impose wealth tax on financial assets like some European countries, only on real estate through ENFIA. However, investment income from U.S. accounts faces Greek taxation for residents. Dividends and interest are taxed at 15% (may be reduced by treaty), capital gains at 15% for listed securities, and pension/retirement account distributions at progressive rates unless covered by special regimes. Report foreign investment accounts on Greek tax returns with supporting documentation. The U.S.-Greece treaty prevents double taxation through foreign tax credits. Consider timing investment income recognition and utilizing tax-efficient investment vehicles recognized by both countries.
Q: What are the implications of maintaining U.S. LLCs or corporations while living in Greece?
U.S. business entities face complex treatment under Greek tax law. Single-member LLCs, disregarded for U.S. tax purposes, may be treated as corporations in Greece, creating potential double taxation. Multi-member LLCs might be classified as partnerships or corporations based on characteristics. C-corporations face double taxation with Greek tax on distributions plus U.S. corporate tax. S-corporations lose pass-through benefits for Greek tax purposes, being treated as regular corporations. Greek controlled foreign company (CFC) rules may attribute undistributed profits to Greek residents if control and low-taxation tests are met. Management from Greece could create Greek corporate residence, triggering 22% Greek corporate tax. Consider restructuring before relocating or establishing Greek entities for local operations.
Q: How does Greece tax U.S. Social Security benefits?
Under the U.S.-Greece tax treaty, U.S. Social Security benefits received by U.S. citizens residing in Greece remain taxable exclusively in the United States, providing significant tax advantage. Greece cannot tax these benefits regardless of your residence status or time spent in Greece. For U.S. tax purposes, up to 85% of Social Security benefits may be taxable depending on total income. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion doesn't apply to Social Security, but foreign tax credits from Greek taxes on other income might offset U.S. tax. This treaty protection makes Greece particularly attractive for U.S. retirees, especially when combined with the 7% flat tax regime on other foreign pension income, creating one of Europe's most tax-efficient retirement destinations.
Q: Can I use the Greek healthcare system, and how does it affect my taxes?
Greek residents can access the National Healthcare System (ESY) after obtaining social insurance coverage. Registration requires residence permit, tax number (AFM), and social insurance number (AMKA). Public healthcare provides comprehensive coverage with nominal co-payments. For tax purposes, Greek health insurance premiums are deductible, and medical expenses qualify for tax credits up to specified limits. Private health insurance premiums paid to Greek or EU insurers are deductible up to €1,500 annually. U.S. expats may maintain U.S. health insurance for visits home, though premiums aren't deductible in Greece. The Affordable Care Act individual mandate exemption applies to expats abroad. Many expats combine Greek public healthcare with private insurance for enhanced coverage and shorter wait times.
Q: What triggers Greek tax audits, and how should I prepare?
Greek tax authorities use risk-based selection for audits, focusing on inconsistencies between reported income and lifestyle indicators, unreported foreign income or assets, large unexplained bank deposits, excessive business expense claims, and discrepancies with third-party information (CRS, employer reports). U.S. expats may face scrutiny due to complex international finances and foreign income sources. Preparation strategies include maintaining comprehensive documentation in Greek and English, working with Greek tax advisors familiar with international taxation, keeping proof of foreign tax payments, documenting special regime eligibility, and responding promptly to information requests (typically 20-30 day deadlines). Audits may review five years (ten for serious violations), making record retention crucial. Professional representation is advisable for complex cases.
Why Choose American Expat CPA as Your Tax Partner
Navigating the intersection of U.S. and Greek tax systems requires specialized expertise that goes beyond traditional tax preparation. At American Expat CPA, we've built our practice specifically around the unique challenges faced by U.S. citizens living abroad, with particular depth in Greek tax matters.
Our Specialized Expertise
Our team combines U.S. tax expertise with deep knowledge of Greek tax law and regulations. We maintain relationships with trusted Greek tax advisors to ensure seamless coordination of your dual filing obligations. Our professionals stay current with both U.S. tax reform and Greek legislative changes, including special regimes like the 7% pensioner flat tax and 50% professional exemption that can dramatically reduce your tax burden.
We understand that every expat situation is unique. Whether you're a retiree taking advantage of the 7% flat tax regime, a digital nomad optimizing the professional exemption, or an entrepreneur navigating business taxation in both countries, we develop customized strategies that optimize your specific circumstances. Our approach goes beyond compliance – we proactively identify opportunities to legally minimize your global tax burden while ensuring full compliance in both jurisdictions.
Comprehensive Service Offering
Year-Round Tax Planning: We don't just prepare returns – we provide continuous planning throughout the year. This includes quarterly check-ins to adjust strategies based on life changes, income fluctuations, or new tax legislation. We help time income recognition, plan asset sales, and structure investments to maximize benefits under both tax systems.
Specialized Expat Forms: Our team expertly handles all required international forms including Form 2555 (Foreign Earned Income Exclusion), Form 1116 (Foreign Tax Credit), Form 8938 (FATCA), FBAR reporting, and complex Form 5471 or 8865 for business interests. We ensure accurate completion while maximizing available benefits.
Greek Special Regime Optimization: We help you evaluate and apply for beneficial Greek tax regimes, ensuring you meet requirements while structuring affairs to maximize benefits. This includes assistance with the 7% pensioner flat tax applications, 50% professional exemption planning, and high-net-worth regime structuring.
Audit Representation: Should questions arise from either tax authority, we provide full representation and response services. Our team handles IRS correspondence, Greek tax authority inquiries, and coordinates responses to ensure consistent positions that protect your interests.
Technology-Enabled Global Service
We've built our practice for the digital age, serving clients across Greece and worldwide through secure, cloud-based systems. Our portal provides 24/7 access to your documents, secure messaging with your tax team, and digital signature capabilities that eliminate the need for physical meetings. We conduct video consultations that accommodate Greek time zones, ensuring convenient access to expert advice regardless of your location in Greece.
Transparent, Value-Based Pricing
We believe in transparent pricing with no surprise bills. Our comprehensive expat tax packages include all necessary forms and schedules, with clear pricing for additional services like amended returns or multi-state filings. Most importantly, our fee structure is designed to deliver value – the tax savings we identify typically far exceed our professional fees, making our services a smart investment in your financial future.
Getting Started with American Expat CPA:
- Free initial consultation to assess your situation and identify opportunities
- Comprehensive review of prior returns to identify missed deductions or credits
- Streamlined filing procedures for those behind on U.S. tax obligations
- Ongoing support for questions throughout the year
- Coordination with Greek tax advisors for seamless compliance
Your Success is Our Mission
Living in Greece as a U.S. expat should be about enjoying the incredible history, culture, and Mediterranean lifestyle – not stressing about tax compliance. We handle the complexity of dual taxation so you can focus on living your Greek dream. Our clients consistently save thousands in taxes while gaining peace of mind that their obligations are properly managed.
Whether you're just planning your move to Greece, already established as a resident, or anywhere in between, American Expat CPA provides the expertise and support you need. We understand the expat journey because we specialize exclusively in international tax matters for U.S. citizens abroad.
Schedule Your Free Consultation TodayDon't let tax complexity diminish your Greek experience. Contact American Expat CPA today and discover how our specialized expertise can optimize your tax situation, ensure compliance, and maximize the financial benefits of your international lifestyle. Your Greek adventure deserves expert tax support – let us be your trusted partner in navigating the complexities of U.S. and Greek taxation.